{"aliases":[{"type":"USBrandName","name":"Glucophage"},{"type":"ForeignBrandName","name":"Glifage"},{"type":"ForeignBrandName","name":"Dimefor"},{"type":"ForeignBrandName","name":"Glucoformin"},{"type":"ChemicalStructureName","name":"N,N-dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide monohydrochloride"},{"type":"ChemicalStructureName","name":"1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride"},{"type":"Synonym","name":"metformin HCl"},{"type":"CASRegistryName","name":"657-24-9"},{"type":"USBrandName","name":"Glumetza"},{"type":"USBrandName","name":"Fortamet"},{"type":"CASRegistryName","name":"1115-70-4"},{"type":"Synonym","name":"APO-Metformin"},{"type":"Synonym","name":"Cidophage"},{"type":"USBrandName","name":"Glucophage ER"},{"type":"USBrandName","name":"Riomet"},{"type":"ForeignBrandName","name":"Siofor"}],"definition":{"html":"The hydrochloride salt of the biguanide metformin with antihyperglycemic and potential antineoplastic activities. Metformin inhibits complex I (NADPH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, thereby increasing the cellular AMP to ATP ratio and leading to activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and regulating AMPK-mediated transcription of target genes. This eventually prevents hepatic gluconeogenesis, enhances insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation and ultimately leads to a decrease in glucose levels. Metformin may exert antineoplastic effects through AMPK-mediated or AMPK-independent inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is up-regulated in many cancer tissues. Furthermore, this agent also inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression which is mediated through the suppression of transcription activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation.","text":"The hydrochloride salt of the biguanide metformin with antihyperglycemic and potential antineoplastic activities. Metformin inhibits complex I (NADPH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, thereby increasing the cellular AMP to ATP ratio and leading to activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and regulating AMPK-mediated transcription of target genes. This eventually prevents hepatic gluconeogenesis, enhances insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation and ultimately leads to a decrease in glucose levels. Metformin may exert antineoplastic effects through AMPK-mediated or AMPK-independent inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is up-regulated in many cancer tissues. Furthermore, this agent also inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression which is mediated through the suppression of transcription activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation."},"drugInfoSummaryLink":null,"nciConceptId":"C29251","nciConceptName":"Metformin Hydrochloride","termId":593641,"name":"metformin hydrochloride","firstLetter":"m","type":"DrugTerm","termNameType":"PreferredName","prettyUrlName":"metformin-hydrochloride"}